Medicos Factz

 𝐀𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 (𝐄𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐩𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐞):  𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬: 1. Anaphylaxis:  Adrenaline is the 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭-𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 for anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction that can cause difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, and shock.  2. Cardiac Arrest:  Adrenaline is used in advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) protocols to restore normal heart rhythm in patients with cardiac arrest.  3. Asthma:  Adrenaline can be used in the treatment of severe asthma attacks that are unresponsive to other bronchodilators.  4. Severe Allergic Reactions:  Adrenaline can be used to treat severe allergic reactions to medications, insect stings, or food. 𝐌𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐝𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞:  Adrenaline acts on various adrenergic receptors in the body.  It stimulates 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐚 adrenergic receptors, leading to several physiological effects.  Adrenaline causes vasoconstric...

1. Sugary drinks provide empty calories and no nutritional value.  Avoiding them for a week can help reduce calorie intake and support a healthier diet.  2. Frequent consumption of sugary drinks is associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.  The large amounts of rapidly absorbed sugars lead to prolonged elevated blood glucose and insulin levels, which can worsen insulin resistance over time. 3. The sugars in sugary drinks interact with oral bacteria to produce acids that erode tooth enamel.  This erosion makes teeth more susceptible to cavities and dental decay. 4. Sugary drinks have been linked to higher blood pressure.  The sugars may increase blood glucose and insulin levels, which can alter blood vessel function and lead to hypertension.  The excess calories may also contribute to weight gain, another risk factor for high blood pressure. 5. The association between sugary drinks and increased heart disease risk is likely mediated by...

 Wilson's disease Etiology:  Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene, leading to impaired hepatic copper transport and subsequent copper accumulation in various tissues. Pathogenesis:  In Wilson's disease, the impaired copper transport results in copper deposition in the liver, brain, cornea, and other organs.  The exact mechanism of cardiomyopathy in Wilson's disease is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the toxic effects of copper accumulation in cardiac tissues. Clinical Features:  In addition to the Kayser-Fleischer ring (a brownish-green ring around the cornea), Wilson's disease can present with  - hepatic symptoms (such as hepatomegaly, jaundice, and liver dysfunction) - neurological symptoms (such as tremors, dystonia, and dysarthria) - psychiatric symptoms (such as personality changes and depression).  - Cardiac manifestations, including cardiomyopa...

Impetigo is a common and contagious skin infection caused by bacteria, typically Streptococcus pyogenes - Group A or Staphylococcus aureus. It is most commonly seen in children,  2 through 5 years old.  but it can affect individuals of all ages.  Impetigo is more common in areas with hot, humid summers and mild winters (subtropics), or wet and dry seasons (tropics), but it can occur anywhere. Proper management of impetigo involves both hygiene and medical treatment. Here are the steps to manage impetigo: Maintain Good Hygiene: Cleanliness is essential. Encourage the infected individual to wash their hands frequently, avoid touching the impetigo sores, and use separate towels and personal items to prevent the spread of the infection. Trim fingernails to reduce the risk of scratching and spreading the infection. Topical Antibiotics: Most cases of impetigo can be managed with topical antibiotics. These are typically available in the form of creams or ointments, and they sho...

  A greenstick fracture of the clavicle, or collarbone, is a relatively common injury in children. The management of this type of fracture typically involves the following steps: Initial Assessment: As with any injury, begin by assessing the child's condition to ensure there are no other injuries or complications. Examine for any signs of neurovascular compromise, such as loss of sensation or circulation, and assess for any open wounds. Immobilization: The primary goal in managing a greenstick fracture of the clavicle is to immobilize the fracture to allow for proper healing. This is often achieved with a figure-eight or sling immobilizer, which helps to support the shoulder and keep the clavicle in the correct position. The figure-eight splint or brace should be applied in a way that prevents excessive movement of the clavicle. Pain Management: Provide pain relief for the child as needed. Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can be used under the guidanc...

 Greenstick fractures are common in children due to their developing and more flexible bones. These fractures are typically incomplete, where the bone cracks but doesn't break all the way through. The most common site for greenstick fractures is in the forearm, particularly the radius, but they can occur in other long bones as well. Here's how greenstick fractures in children are typically managed: GreenStick Fracture of Left Clavicle Initial Assessment: As with any fracture, the first step is to assess the child's condition and ensure there are no other injuries. You should check for any signs of neurovascular compromise (loss of sensation or circulation), and assess for any open wounds. Immobilization: The main goal in managing greenstick fractures is to stabilize the fracture to promote healing. This is usually done with a cast. The injured limb is typically immobilized in a cast or splint. For greenstick fractures of the forearm, both the radius and ulna are often immob...

Flexural eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis or atopic eczema, is a common skin condition characterized by inflammation and itchiness of the skin, particularly in the skin folds or flexural areas. These areas include the folds of the elbows, knees, wrists, neck, and sometimes the face. It is a chronic condition and often appears in childhood, though it can affect people of all ages. The exact cause of flexural eczema is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. Common symptoms and features of flexural eczema include: Red, inflamed skin: The affected areas become red, and swollen, and may ooze or crust over due to scratching. Intense itching: Itchiness is a hallmark symptom of eczema and can be severe, leading to further skin damage when scratched. Dry, scaly skin: The skin may become dry, flaky, and rough in texture. Recurrence: Eczema often has a relapsing and remitting course, meaning it can flare up a...

Seasonal Hyperacute Pan-Uveitis (SHAPU) यो SHAPU शब्द अहिले सोसियल मिडियामा एकदमै चर्चामा छ। यो तल फोटोमा देखाइएको सेतो खालको पुतली (Moth) को पुच्छर तिर हुने सेतो रौ आखाको सम्पर्कमा आयो भने हुने रोग हो। यो रोगको केसहरु प्राय १००० देखि ३००० सम्मको उचाईमा रहेका ठाउँ रहेका पुर्बी देखि पश्चिमि नेपालमा बढी आउने गरेका छन किन कि यो मोथ त्यो ठाउको वातावरणमा बढी पाइने गर्दछ। बर्षा समय सकिन लाग्दा यस्को समस्या अलि बढि देखिने पुराना घटनाहरुले देखाएका छन। यो मोथले केटा केटि तथा युवामा बढि असर गर्ने कुरा पनि अगाडि आएको छ। यसको बारेमा अझै खोज हुन जरुरि छ र अनुसन्धानको क्रम जारी नै छ। लक्षणहरु १. एक्कासि आँखा रातो हुनु र चिलाउनु २. उज्यालोमा हेर्न नसक्नु ३. आखाको दुखाइ सामान्य भन्दा बढी हुनु ४. आखाको बाहिर कुनामा पिप देखिनु ५. आँखा हेर्न नसक्नु ६. यदि समयमा उपचार नभएमा कालो नानी सेतो देखिनु। रोकथाम १. फोटोमा देखाइएको जस्तो पुतलीको सम्पर्कबाट टाढै बस्ने २. धेरै उज्यालो बत्ती नवाल्ने ३. साझमा झ्याल ढोका थुन्ने, झ्यालहरुमा जाली लगाउने र राती सुत्दा बत्ती निभाएर सुत्ने ४. राती घरबाहिर अनावश्यक रुपमा बत्त...

रगतमा आबस्यकता भन्दा बढी युरिक एसिड भएको स्तिथिलाइ GOUT तथा HYPERURICEMIA भनिन्छ | यसको लक्ष्यण हरु बिशेस गरि ठुला जोर्नीहरू, बुढी औला , घुडा, गोलिगठा , हात तथा नाडी जोर्नीहरू दुख्ने, सुन्निने तथा राकिने हुञ्छ |  साधारंतया युरिक एसिड रगतमा घुलिसकेसी मृगौलाबाट पिसाबमा फ्याकिने गर्दछ | कहिलेकहिँ हाम्रो शरीर ले युरिक एसिड बढी उत्पादन गर्दा या कम निस्कासन गर्दा युरिक एसिड जोर्नीहरू या तन्तुहरुको वरिपरि जम्मा हुन थाल्दछ र लक्ष्यण हरु देखापर्दछ | लामो समय सम्म युरिक एसिड बढी भैरहेमा शरीरका विभिन्न जोर्नी हरु दुख्नु , सुन्निनु को साथै मृगौलामा पत्थर बन्न सक्दछ | मृगौला को कार्य क्ष्यामता कमभै RENAL FAILURE पनि हुनसक्दछ | साथै युरिक एसिड कै कारण अन्य जटिलता हरु (COMPLICATION) जस्तै उच्च रक्तचाप तथा मुटुका अन्य रोगहरु हुनसक्दछ |  कारणहरु :- शरीरमा युरिक एसिड बढी बन्नाले र मृगौलाको युरिक एसिड फ्याक्ने क्ष्यमतामा कमि आउनाले उपचार :-  खानामा परहेज र औसधि  खानामा ध्यान राख्नुपर्ने कुराहरु :-  - आबस्यक ओजन कायम राख्ने :- मोटोपनको कारणले रगतमा युरिक एसडी बढ्ने भएकोले शारीरिकआब...

  कतिपय व्यक्तिका यौन उत्तेजना र तृप्ति का लागि रोजिने क्रियाकलापको तरिका सामाजिक रुपले अमान्य र विकृत हुनसक्छ। EXHIBITIONISM: - अरुले देख्ला भन्ने भय वा कुनै होशियारी र शरम बिना अप्रत्याशित रुपमा अन्जान व्यक्तिलाई गुप्ताङ्ग प्रदर्शन गरेर यौन उत्तेजना र तृप्ति अनुभब गर्ने हरुले अरुलाई आश्चर्य, लाजमर्दो र अप्ठेरोमा पारिदिन्छन । यस्ता व्यक्तिलाई यस्तो गर्न अति हुतहुति बढ्ने र यसरि प्रदर्शन गरि सकेपछि सनचॊ वा आनन्द अनुभब हुनेगर्छ । प्रदर्शन गरिसकेपछि कतिपय व्यक्तिले हस्थमैथुन गर्ने गर्छन । VOYEURISM :- यसमा अरुको यौन क्रियाकलाप वा बिपरित लिङ्गी व्यक्तिका यौन अंगहरु गोप्य रुपले हेरेर वा चियाएर यौन उत्तेजना र तृप्ति अनुभब गर्ने समस्या हुन्छ। अरुले थाहा पाउलान भन्ने बिसय मा यी व्यक्ति हरु सतर्क हुनछन र आबस्यक साबधानी अपनाउछन। यसरि हेरिसकेपछि तृप्त हुने गर्छन। SADISM AND MASOCHISM :- यी दुइको जोडीमद्धे एक (SADIST ) ले यौन उत्तेजना र तृप्तिको लागि अर्को लाइ चिमोट्ने, पिट्ने, तोक्ने वा अन्य तरिकाले यातना दिने गर्छन भने दोस्रो (MOSACHIST ) ले यसरि यातनाबाट यौन तृप्ति अनुभब गर्दछ। ...

यौन उत्तेजना र सन्तुष्टि को लागि रोजिने यस्ता कुरा हरु निर्जिब बस्तु हरु जस्तैः पोशाक , जुत्ता वा सजिब जस्तै:- जनावर, बालबालिका , निर्जिब शरीर हुन सक्छन। यसरी प्रयोग गरिने बस्तु का हिसाब ले यस्ता समस्याका विभिन्न नाम हरु छन।   FETISHISM: - यौन उत्तेजना र तृप्तिका लागी, लुगा, जुत्ता, कपाल र खुट्टा वा औला जस्ता शरीरको कुनै भाग अनिवार्य रुपले चाहिने यो समस्या प्राय: किशोरावस्था मा शुरु हुन्छ र पुरुष मा प्रायः देखिन्छ।    TRANSVESTISM:- यौन उत्तेजना र तृप्तिका लागि बिपरित लिङ्गी को पोशाक लगाउने यो समस्या बाल्यकाल मा शुरु हुन्छ। पुरुषलाई प्रायः हुन्छ र पछि अधिकान्स सामान्य वैवाहिक जीवन बिताउछ्न । यसमा ब्यक्ति ले बिपरित लिङ्गी को कुनै खास पोशाक वा पुरै पहिरन लगाएर हस्थमैथुन गर्नपुग्छ। यसमा ब्यक्ती आफू पुरुस थान्छ र यौन उत्तेजना र तृप्तिका लागि मात्र यसरी फरक लुगा लगाउने हुन।    PAEDOPHILIA:- बालबालिका तथा बयस्क अबस्था भन्दा पहिलेको अबस्थाका ब्यक्तीबाट मात्र यौन उत्तेजना र तृप्ती महसुस हुने यो समस्याग्रस्त ब्यक्ती प्रायः अधबैसे पुरुष वा वृद्ध हुने गर्छ। पीडित ब...

Coronavirus structure with gene  Covid 19  First of all what we have to understand is: - covid virus does not kill us directly. - over activation of immune system kills. Hospital Admission: - Difficult to get bed. -Expensive(rs 70000 to 5 lakh in a week - Stressful condition. First we have to understand about stages after infection: 1. Viral replication 2. Immune Activation and inflammation: In most of the cases covid will end up at this stage ie NATURAL CURE 3.Immune Hyper Activation and hyper-inflammation ie Cytokine storm occurs at this stage in case of virus could not kill through Natural cure or second stage. Cytokine Storm Activation 4.Respiratory Failure 5. Multi Organ Failure or Dysfunction due to cytokine storm 6. Death How to Identify the stages? - Stage 1 (Viral Replication): - It approximately lasts for 1 week- usually asymtomatic- - Stage 2(Immune Activation):- mild symptoms or sometime asymptomatic(mild symptoms includes:- fever, cough and sore throat, bodyache,...